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Type A Dissection Repair With Fenestrated Frozen Elephant Trunk
Eudailey KW. Type A Dissection Repair With Fenestrated Frozen Elephant Trunk. April 2019. doi:10.25373/ctsnet.7940750.
Background
Standard of care for acute type A dissection remains the “hemiarch” technique with an open distal anastomosis. This operation is currently favored because of its simplicity and reproducibility, as it is believed to carry a lower operative risk than more aggressive treatment of arch pathology. Data for this claim remains limited, and there remains a significant portion of patients who survive their initial hemiarch operation but who are left with complex aortic pathology which may require high-risk future intervention.
The question remains whether more aggressive treatment of aortic pathology up front at the time of a type A dissection is better both in the early phase as well as long term. Here, the author presents a video of a simplistic technique for a fenestrated frozen elephant trunk (FET), which allows for more aggressive treatment of the aortic arch at the time of type A dissection, as well as stabilization of the true lumen. The author believes this results in improved aortic remodeling, which should result in improved long-term results with no change in early mortality or complications. This technique was originally described by Roselli and colleagues [1]. It is a simple and effective way to treat more arch pathology up front with limited circulatory arrest time.
Operative Steps
Preoperative Evaluation and Planning
- Confirm normal arch anatomy, with particular attention to the origin of the vertebral artery.
- Preoperative measurements of the transverse and descending aorta, to confirm the size of frozen elephant trunk. Size one-to-one at most, never longer than a 100 mm stent.
- Preoperative measurements of the left subclavian artery, as well as the distance to the take-off of the left vertebral artery.
- Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) evaluation of the aortic root and the extent of root pathology.
Cannulation and Bypass Setup
- Central cannulation is done using the Seldinger technique. True lumen cannulation is confirmed by TEE visualization of the descending aorta.
- Cooling to 28 degrees, as monitored by rectal and bladder temperatures.
- Retrograde and direct ostial del Nido cardioplegia are given.
- A 16F DLP vent placed in the right superior pulmonary vein.
- Circulatory arrest in steep Trendelenburg position.
- Direct cannulation of the true lumen of the innominate and left carotid arteries with flexible 16F retrograde cardioplegia cannulas, thus initiating selective antegrade cerebral perfusion at 8 -10 cc/kg/min with continuous cerebral oximetry monitoring.
Operation
- Following circulatory arrest, evaluate the aortic root pathology.
- Next, turn attention back to the arch and resect the aorta to the level of the innominate artery.
- Look specifically for large tears and ensure that the innominate and left carotid arteries do not have large tears at ostium. If they do, this may warrant a proper debranching of head vessels.
- Feed a single curve lunderquist wire into the true lumen of the descending aorta.
- Advance the stent into the thoracic aorta.
- Deploy the stent, favoring a slightly deep deployment.
- Use eye cautery to fenestrate the FET at the level of the left subclavian artery.
- Advance the left subclavian stent over a soft J-wire to the desired depth (based on preoperative measurements) and deploy it.
- Use a right-angle clamp to ensure the patency of the left subclavian stent. Confirm back-bleeding.
- Optional placement of several tacking horizontal mattress sutures on the superior third of the FET.
- Trim the collar of the hemiarch graft, and complete a standard hemiarch anastomosis being sure to include the inferior third of the stent graft in the anastomosis. Try to avoid placing stitches through stent struts.
- De-air the graft, clamp proximally, and resume full bypass flow and rewarming down the side-arm of the graft.
- Complete the proximal root operation as needed.
- De-air, reperfuse, wean from bypass, and complete hemostasis in the standard fashion.
Grafts Used
- FET: Medtronic (Dublin, Ireland) Valiant Thoracic Stent Graft
- Left Subclavian Stent: Gore (Newark, Delaware, USA) Viabahn
- Ascending Graft: Terumo (Tokyo, Japan) Sienna Gelweave Single Arm
References
- Roselli E, Idrees J, Bakaeen F, et al. Evolution of simplified frozen elephant trunk repair for acute Debakey type I dissection: midterm outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(3):749-755.
Dr Eudailey is a consultant for Medtronic and Terumo.
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